A Statistical Analysis of Drop out Ratio of BS Program in Punjab University

INTRODUCTION

1.1: DEFINITION

Post-secondary degree awarded to an individual after completion of undergraduate course work usually taking eight semesters and 120 credits to complete. Course work for bachelor's degrees is done at the undergraduate level and is made up of general studies and major specific classes. Bachelor's degrees are awarded in specific concentrations and are built on the Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Arts, or Bachelor of Fine Arts foundations. Individuals pursue bachelor's degrees to further their education and career advancement. A bachelor's degree may also be referred to as a baccalaureate.

1.2: HISTORY OF THE BACHELOR'S DEGREE

The name for the degree stems refers to an early meaning of "bachelor" as a "young apprentice." It is also known as a "baccalaureate" in many countries. This term seems to have originally referred to a degree awarded to students when they became qualified to study with others and begin student-teaching. Since this term was first used in Europe, it has spread too many countries and can refer to very different levels of education.

Undergraduate degrees are also called by various names in different countries. In Japan, for instance, the bachelor's degree program is a six-year course of study referred to as gakushi. The Commonwealth of Independent States, former member countries of the Soviet Union, refers to it as the bakalavr. These similar programs sometimes allow students to receive their education in one country and transfer it over to a new one as an equivalent degree.

1.3: BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN NEIGHBORHOODCOUNTRIES

1.3.1: INDIA

In India, arts, commerce, and science colleges provide three-year (BA, BBA, BCA, B.Com, and BSc) and four-year bachelor's degrees (B.E., B Tech, B. pharm). Bachelor’s degree is awarded by the respective university to which the college is affiliated.

Engineering and medical colleges provide four-year to five-year degree programs for bachelor's degrees (BE, graduate in engineering, B Arch, B Tech, BS, MBBS, BVSC&AH) that also begin after secondary school year 12 (also called +2)

The bachelor's degree in agriculture (bachelor of agriculture, BAG or BSc agriculture (honors) is a four-year full-time degree course

1.3.2: BANGLADESH

 Bangladesh, universities and colleges  four-year degrees courses are called Honours courses in science and business (BSc, BBS, BBA, four year ) and  four-year degrees in arts (BA, BSS, etc.). Engineering universities provide four-year degree programs for bachelor's degree courses of study also a four-year LLB Honours degree. . Medical colleges have five-year degree programmers. All of these programs begin after achieving the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC — in total 12 years of education)

1.3.3: CHINA

Since the undergraduate education system in China is modeled after its American counterpart, all the degrees are adapted from those of the United States excepting the release of the degree certificate Four years of education is the standard length, although some private small colleges not credentialed by the Ministry of Education do offer three-year programs. Normally, about 90% of graduates are able to obtain a degree; however, no degree is awarded with Excellency or honor.

1.4: BACHELOR’S DEGREES AROUND THE WORLD

Under the British system, and those influenced by it, such as the Australian, Bangladeshi, Canadian, Hong Kong, Irish, Indian, Jordanian, Malaysian, Maltese, Nigerian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, and Singaporean systems, undergraduate degrees are differentiated either as pass degrees (also known in some areas as ordinary degrees) or as Honors Degrees, the latter sometimes denoted by the appearance of "(Hons)" after the degree abbreviation. An Honors degree generally requires a higher academic standard than a pass degree, and in Maltese, Singaporean, Australian, Pakistani, Philippines, New Zealand, Irish, Scottish, Sri Lankan, Malaysian, South African and some Canadian universities an extra year of study.

1.4.1: UNITED STATES

Bachelor's degrees in the United States are typically designed to be completed in four years of full-time study, although some programs (such as engineering or architecture) usually take five, and some universities and colleges, such as Grace College allow ambitious students (usually with the help of summer school and/or high school Advanced Placement courses) to complete them in as little as three years. Some U.S. colleges and universities have a separate academic track known as an "honors" or "scholars" program, generally offered to the top percentile of students (based on GPA), that offers more challenging courses or more individually directed seminars or research projects in lieu of the standard core curriculum. If the student has completed the requirements for an honors degree only in a particular discipline (e.g., English language and literature)

1.4.2: UNITED KINGDOM

The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are perhaps alone in the United Kingdom today in awarding the BA for all undergraduate degree. In England most first degrees not leading to professions (such as law, engineering, medicine) are now assumed to be honours degrees, although ordinary degrees are still awarded to those who do not meet the required pass mark for a third-class honours degree

A full list of British degree abbreviations is also available.

England, Wales, and Northern Ireland Degrees awarded carry designations related to the broad subject areas such as BA, BSc, and BEng. The majority of bachelor's degrees are now honours degrees. Until the mid-20th century, some candidates (but not, for example, those at Oxford or Cambridge) would take an ordinary degree and then be selected to go on for a final year for the honours degree.

1.4.3: AUSTRALIA

 Australia the degree is awarded with Honours to students who have achieved a higher level of performance in a fourth year, one beyond a typical bachelor's degree. Some bachelor's degrees include an Honours program as part of a four-year degree (i.e., engineering or psychology). An Honours year generally consists of coursework and thesis for professional courses such as engineering or Music, Marking scales for Honours differ; generally, First Class Honours (80–100%) denotes an excellent standard of achievement; Second Class Division 1 (75–79%) a high standard; Second Class Division 2 (70–74%) a good standard; Third Class (65–69%) satisfactory standard; between 0-64% the degree is not awarded with Honours, but may be conferred as a pass degree.

1.4.4: CANADA

Education in Canada is governed independently by each province or territory, so there can be many differences between provinces when it comes to the granting of degrees. A Bachelor with honours degree can be completed at universities; it requires a minimum of four years but may also take longer; it typically does not exceed five years. Going back in history, a three-year degree was also called a pass degree or general degree, and a four-year degree was called an honours degree.

1.4.5: RUSSIA

The specialist's degree Russian was the first academic distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded to students upon completion of five-year studies at the university level. The degree can be compared both to the bachelor's and master's degree. In the early 1990s, Bakalavr or (bachelor's) degrees were introduced in all the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, except Turkmenistan. After the bakalavr degree (usually four years), one can earn a master's degree (another one–two years) while preserving the old five-year specialist scheme.

1.4.6: MALAYSIA

Institutes of higher learning in Malaysia provide three or four years of education leading to a BSc Hons Degree. There are also twinning programs with American, Australian, UK and French universities.

1.4.7: GERMANY

Bachelor's degrees, called Bakkalaureus, originally existed in Germany, but were abolished up until 1820 as part of educational reforms at this time. The Magister degree, a graduate degree, was awarded after five years of study. However, to comply with the Bologna process, in 1998 a new educational law reintroduced the bachelor's degree (first degree after three years of study) in Germany. Today these degrees can be called either Bakkalaureus or Bachelor (in accordance with federal law) but the English term is more common. The traditional degrees will be abolished by 2010

1.4.8: NEW ZEALAND

In New Zealand, only recognized institutions—usually universities—have degree-awarding powers. Most bachelor's degrees are three years full-time, but certain degrees such as the bachelor of laws and the bachelor of engineering degrees require four years of study. A bachelor of medicine degree requires a minimum of six years. Consistently high-performing students may also be invited to complete the 'Honours' programmed. This usually requires an extra year of study with an extra honours thesis. An honours award is credited with 'Hons.' (For example 'Bachelor of Laws).

1.4.9:  TURKEY

Bachelor's degrees exist in almost every city in Turkey. All university grants Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degrees upon completion of eight semester programs offered by its faculties and the School of Foreign Languages. Also double-major is available in those universities. Some universities offer the opportunity for ordinary degree students to transfer to an honours degree course in the same subject if an acceptable standard is reached after the first or second year of study.

1.4.10: DENMARK

The bachelor's degree was re-introduced at universities in Denmark in 1993, after the original degree baccalaureus was abandoned in 1775. The bachelor's degree is awarded after three or four years of study at a university and follows a scheme quite similar to the British one. Two bachelor degrees are given at the university level today

1.4.11: SWEDEN

The Swedish equivalent of a bachelor's degree is the kandidatexamen. It is awarded after three years of study: a year and a half in the major subject and a year and a half in other subjects. A thesis of at least 15 ECTS credits must be included in the degree. The exception to this system is theology, where a teologie kandidat (Bachelor of Theology) is a four-year degree, equivalent to a master's. Previously, there was a bachelor of law degree which required 4.5 years of study, but this degree now has a new name law degree.

1.4.12: FRANCE

The traditional bachelor's degree is the equivalent of the French "Licence" three - four year degree. Since the new European system of 2004 "LMD" Bologna process was founded, it has become standard to recognize a bachelor's over three years, a master's over five years and a doctorate over eight. However, most American universities will accept a bachelor's degree as the equivalent of a "Maitrise" four-year degree.

1.4.13: ITALY

The old four-, five-, or six-year Laurea system was discontinued in the early 2000s as per the Bologna process, with some exceptions such as law school or medical school. The bachelor's degree, called "Laurea", takes three years to complete (note that Italian students graduate from high school at age 19) and grants access to graduate degrees (known as "Laurea Magistrale" or discontinued "Laurea specialistica"). In order to graduate, students must earn 180 credits (CFU) and write an original research thesis. Graduation marks go from 66 to 110. According to each faculty internal ruling, a lode (distinction) may be awarded to candidates with a 110/110 mark for recognition of the excellence of the final project.

1.4.14:  SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa, an Honours degree is usually an additional postgraduate qualification in the same area as the undergraduate major, and requires at least one further year of study.

1.4.15: INDONESIAIN

Indonesia, most of the current bachelor's degrees are domain-specific degrees. Therefore, there are probably more than 20 bachelor's degrees.  Sarjana (literally translated as bachelor of psychology / B .Psych, BA), S.T for Sarjana Teknik (literally translated as bachelor of engineering), S.Si for Sarjana Sains (literally translated as bachelor of science), S.Farm for Sarjana Farmasi (literally translated as bachelor of pharmacy), S.Kom for Sarjana Ilmu Komputer (literally translated as bachelor of computer science) or S.Sos for Sarjana Ilmu Sosial (literally translated as bachelor of social sciences). In the past, the Indonesian academic system adopted the old European/western degrees, such as the IR (ingenious) for an engineering degree and doctor's degree (doktorandus) for a degree in either social or natural sciences.

1.5:  BS DEGREE IN PAKISTAN

In Pakistan, commerce and science colleges provide four year bachelor's degrees (BA, BS, BBA, B.Com, etc.). Generally these programs are of four years duration as elsewhere in the world and begin after completing higher secondary school education by receiving a HSC certificate acknowledging one's 12 years of study by the respective board. After successful completion of these programs, a bachelor's degree is awarded by the respective University; some colleges are affiliated with a university, mostly the state's (province's) central university and teach a part-time degree equal to 14 years of education such as a 2 year BA, B.Com etc. A student may enroll in a two years BA, BCOM as well as a 4 year BA as an external candidate (external candidate are enrolled for examination & study program on self-basis or through private tuition providers). Main universities offering these two programs are University of Punjab and University of Karachi where more than 50,000 students appear in BA & B.Com exam as external candidates.

Engineering and medical colleges provide four- and five-year degree programs respectively for bachelor's degree (BE, BS (Engg), BSc (Engg), BArch, B.Tech begin after 3 year Diploma of Associate Engineer, MBBS) that also begin after secondary school year 12. The Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) degree program is of 5 years duration

1.6: HISTORY OF PUNJAB UNIVERSITY

The University of the Punjab was formally established with the convening of the first meeting of its Senate on October 14, 1882 at Shimla. It was the fourth University to be established by the British colonial authorities on the Indian Subcontinent. The first three universities were established by the British rulers at their initial strongholds of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. The University of the Punjab came into existence as a result of a long drawn struggle of the people of Punjab after the war of independence in 1857. Contrary to the three previously established universities, which were only examining institutions, the University of the Punjab was both teaching as well as examining body right from the beginning.

Until independence in 1947 The University of the Punjab fulfilled the educational needs of a vast region of the Subcontinent. Partition of the Subcontinent somewhat reduced the geographical limits of the jurisdiction of the University. However, for many years after independence it still ranged over vast areas including Punjab, NWFP, Baluchistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. New universities were set up later in the country to share responsibility for imparting higher education with the University of the Punjab.

The strength of the University Faculty was greatly reduced because of the migration of non-Muslim teachers and scholars at the time of independence. The University functioning was restored, mainly due to the efforts of the eminent educationists like Dr. Umar Hayat Malik, who became the first Vice Chancellor after the independence. Academic programs were initiated soon after the independence many new departments.

1.7: HISTORY OF BS PROGRAM IN PUNJAB UNIVERSTY

Until years of 2002 a bachelor’s degree consisted of two years education in Punjab University. Since then onwards it is a four years degree and it is equivalents to graduation. HEC can apply this policy in years 2002 all the university can convert their two years bachelor program in four years bachelor program. In this policy the Punjab university can also fellow this policy and start four years bachelor for his all departments and finish their annual system of education and start semester systems four years bachelor program in the university for the fellow the policy of the HEC.  

METHODLOGY

3.1: Research Methodology

The term methodology is defines “the study of the direction and implication of empirical research or of the suitability of the techniques employed on it (the oxford English dictionary second edition)

OR

A body of practices, procedure and rule used by those who work in a discipline or engage in an inquiry: a set of working method.

All the steps taken from by beginning to the end of research works are technically known as methodology or research procedure.

In this chapter we write the methodology of the study. It includes all procedure of selecting sample: contain testing, and also coding of the questionnaire.

3.2: Universe or population

The universe is defined as:

The aggregate or objects whether totality of the individual member animate or inanimate, concrete or abstract, some characteristics or interests.

The population of present study was comprised of all departments of Punjab University which study BS program.

Since the main focus of the research is to study, survival rate of BS program.

3.3: Target Population

The population about which we are interested to draw conclusions on the basis of sample is known as target population, so the target population for the students of BS program in Punjab University in different departments.

3.4: Sample

We cannot use any sample method we can cover all the population.We content all the 32 departments who are studies BS program but Out of total 32 departments 16 departments can provide data and other 16 departments refuse to provide data for him. Then the expected sample size is 50%.

3.5: Questionnaire

The final draft of questionnaire consists of 5 demographic questions and 6 general questions. Every possible attempt was made to include simple but meaningful questions so that the respondents can answer them without any ambiguity and hesitation.

3.6: Interview Medium

The interview medium was English and the population was the students of BS Program of Punjab University Lahore and their medium of communication is mostly English so it was easy for them to fill the questionnaire in English. Simplest terminology was used in the questionnaire which can be easily understood.

3.7: Data Collection

In this survey the secondary data was use. The collection data was consisted of total number of student which admin in BS program in last five years in PU different department. It also include the number of student survive and also number of student dropout. it is collected from different department like:

·         Sheikh Zayed Islamic Center

·         Agriculture science

·         Department of Mathematics

·         Department of Physics

·         Department of Space sciences

·         Institute of Chemistry

·         Institute of Geology

·         Department of Microbiology

·         Institute of Administration sciences

·         Institute of Social work

·         Institute of Communication studies

·         Centre for High Energy physics

·         Department of Applied physics

·         Centre for Clinical Psychology

·         College of Earth & Environmental Sciences

·         College of Statistical & Actuarial Sciences. 

3.8: Ratio Analysis

Ratio analysis is a fundamental means of examining the health of a company by studying the relationships of key financial variables. Many analysts believe ratio analysis is the most important aspect of the analysis process. A firm's ratios are normally compared to the ratios of other companies in that firm's industry or tracked over time internally in order to see trends.

OR

A tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in a company's financial statements. Ratios are calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company. Ratio analysis is predominately used by proponents of fundamental analysis.

3.9: Survival analysis

Survival Analysis typically focuses on time to event data. In the most general sense, it consists of techniques for positive-valued random variables, such as time to death, time to onset (or relapse) of a disease, length of stay in a hospital, duration of a strike, money paid by health insurance.

Kinds of survival studies include:

 Clinical trials

 Prospective cohort studies

Retrospective cohort studies

 Retrospective correlative studies

3.10: Technique of Testing Hypothesis

Testing hypothesis is very important phrase of statistical inference. It is a procedure, which enable us to decide on the basis of information obtained from sample data whether to accept or reject a statement or an assumption about the value of a population parameter. Such assumption, which may or may not be true, is called “statistical hypothesis. We accept the hypothesis as being true, when it is supported by the sample data. We reject the hypothesis, when the sample data fails to supports it.

In this section the data collection has been analyzes, relationship between different attributes and different variable have been studied, conclusion has been drawn about the association and different attributes and different variables.

3.11: Mann-Whitney U Test             
This test is a non-parametric test for a between subjects design using two levels of an independent variable and scores that are measured at least at the ordinal level. It is often used in place of T-test for independent groups where there is an extreme violation of the normality assumption or when the data are scaled at a level that is not appropriate for T-test.       

 General Procedure Mann-Whitney U Test      

Formulation of hypothesis    

1.      H₀: Two samples come from identical population     

2.      H₁: Two samples come from different population   

2. Level of significance

     

  Level of Significance α = 0.05         

 3. Test statistic

Test statistic to be used is      

Where
U  = (Minimum U1,U2)        
µ_µ = n₁n₂/n 

_µ=

4. Computation  
Compute the value of the test statistic Z from the sample data in order to decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.     

5. Critical Region         
Reject H_{0 if} |Z| ≥ Z_0.025 or if P ≤ α         

6. Conclusion     
if computed value is greater than critical value, we reject H₀ Otherwise accept H_0.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In this studies we observes that the all the department female students strength are very high we find that 70% of the students are female in all departments but when we observes dropout ratio of the students we finds that the 70% dropout students are male .we observes that the basic reason of students dropout is financial problems of their family. some of the female students dropout because their marriage problems. We also observes that some of the students also said they can admission in wrong degree this degree cannot match their mind. But another problem is university fees in last previous years the university fees are raise very quickly and the salary of the students parents are not enough to pay the fees of their Childs. We observes another problems of students dropout is the market value or the BS program in Pakistan .HEC said the BS four years degree are equivalent to MASTER DEGREE but the piratical market people said they are not equivalent  to MASTER DEGREE.

Institute of Agriculture science,  , Institute of Chemistry, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Administration sciences, Institute of Social work, High Energy physics, Centre for Clinical Psychology, College of Earth & Environmental sciences, College of statistical & actuarial sciences, Sheikh Zayed Islamic center, Mathematics, Institute of Communication studies, Department of Applied physics in these departments the female percentage is more than 70% and male percentage is less than 30% these departments are also called female orated departments.

              Institute of Geology, Department of Space Sciences, Department of Physics in these three departments the female percentage is less than 50% and these department male percentage is more than 50%.

Institute of Agriculture science,  Department of Space Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Institute of Geology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Administration sciences, Institute of Social work, High Energy physics, Centre for Clinical Psychology, College of Earth & Environmental sciences, College of statistical & actuarial sciences It also shows the history of those students which leave in last five years and proportion of the survival rate which increasing which showed the good education history of the department.

Sheikh Zayed Islamic center, Mathematics, Institute of Communication studies, Department of Applied physics, Department of Physics it also shows the history of those students which leave in last five years and proportion of the survival rate which degreasing which showed the negative effect or poor education history of the department.

From the finding of total dropout ratio there is relationship between Islamic center and applied physics, clinical psychology, statistics &actuarial sciences, earth   &environmental sciences, relationship between agriculture department and chemistry, micro biology. Relationship between Mathematics and Clinical Psychology, Micro Biology. There is relationship between Physics Department and clinical psychology, earth   &environmental sciences and micro biology. Space Science Department   and micro biology .Chemistry Department and applied physics, clinical psychology, earth   &environmental sciences.  Micro Biology Department relation between high energy physics, applied physics, clinical psychology, statistics &actuarial sciences, earth   &environmental sciences. Social & Cultural Studies relationship between clinical psychologies and relationship between Communication Studies and clinical psychology.

From the finding of total drop out ratio  there is relationship between clinical psychology (science department) with Islamic center, mathematics, communication studies, social & cultural studies (art departments).Applied Psychology (science department) with Islamic center, social & cultural studies (art departments).Micro Biology & Molecular Genetics   (science department) with agriculture, mathematics, social & cultural studies (art departments).High Energy Physics (science department) with social & cultural studies (art departments).Earth & Environmental sciences (science department) with Islamic center, social & cultural studies (art departments).statistical &actuarial sciences (science department) with Islamic center, mathematics, communication studies, social & cultural studies (art departments).spaces sciences (science department) with social & cultural studies (art departments).chemistry department (science department) with agriculture, social & cultural studies (art departments).geology department (science department) with social & cultural studies (art departments).administrative sciences department (science department) with social & cultural studies (art departments).